Dissection of the relative importance of geography and environment on shaping patterns of genetic variation can help us obtain a deeper understanding of how landscape factors influence evolutionary processes (Wang and Bradburd ). The heterogeneity of habitat and environment among populations may influence gene flow via disrupting or biased dispersal as well as selection against immigrants or interlineage hybrids, resulting in a pattern of isolation by environment (IBE) in which genetic differentiation is positively correlated with environmental dissimilarity (Wang and Summers Wang and Bradburd ).īoth patterns of IBD and IBE are often present simultaneously in nature (Sexton et al. Lee and Mitchell‐Olds Shafer and Wolf Wang and Bradburd ). Recently, the influences of the geographic factors besides distance and ecological selection on population genetic differentiation have been well discussed (Cushman et al. Isolation by distance (IBD) is the common model of gene flow and often serves as an explanation for the effect of geographic isolation on the pattern of genetic differentiation (Slatkin Jenkins et al. Assessing the relative importance of environmental and geographic factors on the genetic structure of populations is one of the fundamental issues of population genetic studies.
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